Distortions of parliamentary amendments to the equitable allocation of federal resources to the PAB.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the implications of parliamentary amendments (EP) for the model of equitable allocation of resources from the Fixed Primary Care Minimum (PAB-Fixo) to municipalities in the period from 2015 to 2019. METHODS: A descriptive and exploratory study was conducted on allocating federal resources to the PAB-Fixo and on the increment in the PAB by parliamentary amendment. The municipalities were classified into four groups according to degrees of socioeconomic vulnerability defined by the Ministry of Health for the allocation of PAB-Fixo resources. The transfers from the Ministry by parliamentary amendment were identified. The proportions of municipalities benefiting per group were analyzed by resources allocated from the PAB-Fixo and increment to the minimum by EP. RESULTS: There were reduced resources allocated to the PAB-Fixo (from R$ 6.04 billion to R$ 5.51 billion, -8.8%) and increased increment to PAB by parliamentary amendment (from R$ 95.06 million to R$ 5.58 billion, 5.767%) between 2015 and 2019. The participation of municipalities by the group of those favored by EP was similar to that in the PAB-Fixo. In the proportion of resources for amendments, the municipalities of group I (most vulnerable) had more participation, and those of group IV had less participation if compared to the allocation of the PAB-Fixo. The distribution of resources by the parliamentary amendment did not cover all municipalities, even the most vulnerable ones, i.e., belonging to groups I and II. There was great inequality of resources per capita according to the groups of municipalities. CONCLUSION: The EP distorted the model of equitable allocation of resources proposed by the Ministry of Health for the PAB-Fixo, by allocating resources in a much more significant proportion to the municipalities of group I and much less to those of group IV, which is in disagreement with this model. Furthermore, this distribution by amendments does not benefit all municipalities, not even the most vulnerable.

Instrumentos de gestão na pauta do Conselho de Saúde / Management instruments on the Health Council's agenda

Resumo Trata-se de um estudo de caráter analítico-descritivo, pautado em pesquisa documental sobre a apreciação de instrumentos orçamentários e de planejamento da saúde no Conselho Municipal de Saúde de um município de médio porte do interior do estado de São Paulo, entre março de 2018 e março de 2020. Os dados foram coletados a partir das atas das reuniões ordinárias e extraordinárias para, em seguida, realizar a análise temática na apreciação dos instrumentos e encaminhamentos, bem como a análise descritiva dos prazos previstos nos calendários de planejamento da saúde e orçamentário. A análise das apreciações reforça o caráter democrático nas apreciações do conselho, porém, com grandes limitações para o exercício do controle social, tendo em vista o atraso nos calendários orçamentário e de planejamento da saúde.

Abstract This analytical-descriptive study, based on documentary research regarding the assessment of budgeting and planning instruments in a Municipal Health Council of a medium-sized municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo, in the period between March 2018 and March 2020. Data were collected from the official records of the ordinary and extraordinary meetings to, then carry out a thematic analysis assessing instruments and referrals, as well as the descriptive analysis of the deadlines predicted for the planning and budget calendars. The analysis of the assessments reinforces the democratic character of the council's assessments, but with major limitations for the exercise of social control, due to the delay in the health budget planning calendar.

Disciplinas da aprendizagem organizacional para o desenvolvimento de enfermeiros líderes em ambiente hospitalar: revisão integrativa / Disciplinas de aprendizaje organizacional para el desarrollo de enfermeros líderes en un ambiente hospitalario: una revisión integradora / Disciplines of organizational learning for the development of nurse leaders in a hospital environment: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas sobre a aplicação dos conceitos das disciplinas da aprendizagem organizacional de Peter Senge para o desenvolvimento de enfermeiros líderes em ambiente hospitalar. Método: revisão integrativa, realizada mediante busca nas bases de dados Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scientific Electronic Library Online Citation Index e Scopus. Resultados: foram identificadas 616 produções e incluídas no estudo oito. Evidenciou-se um hiato na produção de conhecimentos sobre a aplicação desses conceitos para o desenvolvimento de enfermeiros líderes. Caracterizado por pesquisas produzidas em uma ampla variedade de países, em inglês e português do Brasil. Identificado o uso dessa contribuição teórica como recurso de aprendizagem organizacional para a área da saúde e Enfermagem, orientado para a melhoria do ambiente laboral nos serviços e no hospital, bem como integrador das equipes. Conclusões: a investigação possibilitou a ampliação do conhecimento científico na área da saúde e Enfermagem a respeito do emprego dos conceitos da aprendizagem organizacional de Peter Senge na área da saúde e Enfermagem. Apresentados como avanços para o desenvolvimento da liderança, contributos para o despertar de um novo olhar para o preparo, capacitação e qualificação profissional, de modo a incentivar a mudança de comportamento e dos cenários de atuação mediante ações voltadas para a prestação de uma assistência segura e de qualidade. Recomenda-se uma investigação aprofundada acerca dessa temática, dada a relevância da liderança, considerada uma das competências gerenciais essenciais para o desempenho do enfermeiro durante o exercício do trabalho nos serviços de saúde e, mais especificamente, no hospital.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre la aplicación de los conceptos de las disciplinas de aprendizaje organizacional de Peter Senge para el desarrollo de los líderes de enfermería en un entorno hospitalario. Método: revisión integradora, realizada mediante búsqueda en las bases de datos: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scientific Electronic Library Online Citation Index e Scopus. Resultados: se identificaron 616 producciones y se incluyeron ocho en el estudio. Se evidenció un vacío en la producción de conocimientos sobre la aplicación de estos conceptos para el desarrollo de los enfermeros líderes. Se caracteriza por la investigación producida en una gran variedad de países, en inglés y portugués brasileño. Identificó el uso de esta aportación teórica como recurso de aprendizaje organizativo para el área de la salud y la Enfermería, orientado a la mejora del ambiente laboral en los servicios y en el hospital, así como a la integración de los equipos. Conclusiones: la investigación permitió ampliar el conocimiento científico en el área de la salud y la Enfermería en cuanto al uso de los conceptos de aprendizaje organizacional de Peter Senge en el área de la salud y la enfermería. Se presentan como avances para el desarrollo del liderazgo, aportes para el despertar de una nueva mirada en la preparación, formación y capacitación profesional, con el fin de incentivar el cambio de comportamiento y los escenarios de actuación a través de acciones orientadas a brindar una atención segura y de calidad. Se recomienda una investigación para profundizar en este tema, dada la relevancia del liderazgo, que se considera una de las competencias directivas esenciales para el desempeño de las enfermeras durante su trabajo en los servicios de salud y, más concretamente, en los hospitales.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence on the application of the concepts of Peter Senge's organizational learning disciplines to the development of nurse leaders in a hospital environment. Method: integrative review, carried out by searching the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scientific Electronic Library Online Citation Index and Scopus databases. Results: 616 productions were identified and eight were included in the study. There was a gap in the production of knowledge about the application of these concepts for the development of nurse leaders. Characterized by research produced in a wide variety of countries, in English and Brazilian Portuguese. The use of this theoretical contribution was identified as an organizational learning resource for the area of health and Nursing, aimed at improving the work environment in services and in the hospital, as well as integrating teams. Conclusions: the investigation made it possible to expand scientific knowledge in the area of health and Nursing regarding the use of Peter Senge's organizational learning concepts in the area of health and Nursing. Presented as advances for the development of leadership, contributions to the awakening of a new look at the preparation, training and professional qualification, in order to encourage behavior, change and action scenarios through actions aimed at providing safe and Of Quality. An in-depth investigation on this topic is recommended, given the relevance of leadership, considered one of the essential managerial competences for the performance of nurses during their work in health services and, more specifically, in the hospital.

SAFER model: Strategic allocation of fundamental epidemic resources.

BACKGROUND: To describe the Strategic Allocation of Fundamental Epidemic Resources (SAFER) model as a method to inform equitable community distribution of critical resources and testing infrastructure. METHODS: The SAFER model incorporates a four-quadrant design to categorize a given community based on two scales: testing rate and positivity rate. Three models for stratifying testing rates and positivity rates were applied to census tracts in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin: using median values (MVs), cluster-based classification and goal-oriented values (GVs). RESULTS: Each of the three approaches had its strengths. MV stratification divided the categories most evenly across geography, aiding in assessing resource distribution in a fixed resource and testing capacity environment. The cluster-based stratification resulted in a less broad distribution but likely provides a truer distribution of communities. The GVs grouping displayed the least variation across communities, yet best highlighted our areas of need. CONCLUSIONS: The SAFER model allowed the distribution of census tracts into categories to aid in informing resource and testing allocation. The MV stratification was found to be of most utility in our community for near real time resource allocation based on even distribution of census tracts. The GVs approach was found to better demonstrate areas of need.

Comparing hospital-resource utilization by an enhanced pneumonia surveillance programme for COVID-19 with pre-pandemic pneumonia admissions - a Singaporean hospital's experience.

Introduction. During the early days of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Singapore, Tan Tock Seng Hospital implemented an enhanced pneumonia surveillance (EPS) programme enrolling all patients who were admitted from the Emergency Department (ED) with a diagnosis of pneumonia but not meeting the prevalent COVID-19 suspect case definition.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. There is a paucity of data supporting the implementation of such a programme.Aims. To compare and contrast our hospital-resource utilization of an EPS programme for COVID-19 infection detection with a suitable comparison group.Methodology. We enrolled all patients admitted under the EPS programme from TTSH's ED from 7 February 2020 (date of EPS implementation) to 20 March 2020 (date of study ethics application) inclusive. We designated a comparison cohort over a similar duration the preceding year. Relevant demographic and clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical records.Results. There was a 3.2 times higher incidence of patients with an admitting diagnosis of pneumonia from the ED in the EPS cohort compared to the comparison cohort (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the median length of stay of 7 days (P=0.160). Within the EPS cohort, stroke and fluid overload occur more frequently as alternative primary diagnoses.Conclusions. Our study successfully evaluated our hospital-resource utilization demanded by our EPS programme in relation to an appropriate comparison group. This helps to inform strategic use of hospital resources to meet the needs of both COVID-19 related services and essential 'peace-time' healthcare services concurrently.

Why enterprise resource planning initiatives do succeed in the long run: A case-based causal network.

Despite remarkable academic efforts, why Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) post-implementation success occurs still remains elusive. A reason for this shortage may be the insufficient addressing of an ERP-specific interior boundary condition, i.e., the multi-stakeholder perspective, in explaining this phenomenon. This issue may entail a gap between how ERP success is supposed to occur and how ERP success may actually occur, leading to theoretical inconsistency when investigating its causal roots. Through a case-based, inductive approach, this manuscript presents an ERP success causal network that embeds the overlooked boundary condition and offers a theoretical explanation of why the most relevant observed causal relationships may occur. The results provide a deeper understanding of the ERP success causal mechanisms and informative managerial suggestions to steer ERP initiatives towards long-haul success.

Anesthesiology and Critical Care Response to COVID-19 in Resource-Limited Settings: Experiences from Nepal.

It is difficult to predict the future course and length of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has devastated health care systems in low- and middle-income countries. Anesthesiology and critical care services are hard hit because many hospitals have stopped performing elective surgeries, staff and scarce hospital resources have been diverted to manage COVID-19 patients, and several makeshift COVID-19 units had to be set up. Intensive care units are overwhelmed with critically ill patients. In these difficult times, low- and middle-income countries need to improvise, perform indigenous research, adapt international guidelines to suit local needs, and target attainable clinical goals.

Anesthetic Resource Limitations and Adaptations in Times of Shortage: Experiences from New York Presbyterian Hospital During COVID-19.

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic reached New York City, resulting in thousands of deaths over the following months. Because of the exponential spread of disease, the New York City hospital systems became rapidly overwhelmed. The Department of Anesthesiology at New York Presbyterian (NYP)-Columbia continued to offer anesthesia services for obstetrics and emergency surgery, while redirecting the rest of its staff to the expanded airway management role and the creation of the largest novel intensive care unit in the NYP system. Tremendous innovation and optimization were necessary in the face of material, physical, and staffing constraints.

Linking prediction models to government ordinances to support hospital operations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: We describe a hospital's implementation of predictive models to optimise emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We were tasked to construct and evaluate COVID-19 driven predictive models to identify possible planning and resource utilisation scenarios. We used system dynamics to derive a series of chain susceptible, infected and recovered (SIR) models. We then built a discrete event simulation using the system dynamics output and bootstrapped electronic medical record data to approximate the weekly effect of tuning surgical volume on hospital census. We evaluated performance via a model fit assessment and cross-model comparison. RESULTS: We outlined the design and implementation of predictive models to support management decision making around areas impacted by COVID-19. The fit assessments indicated the models were most useful after 30 days from onset of local cases. We found our subreports were most accurate up to 7 days after model run.DiscusssionOur model allowed us to shape our health system's executive policy response to implement a 'hospital within a hospital'-one for patients with COVID-19 within a hospital able to care for the regular non-COVID-19 population. The surgical scheduleis modified according to models that predict the number of new patients withCovid-19 who require admission. This enabled our hospital to coordinateresources to continue to support the community at large. Challenges includedthe need to frequently adjust or create new models to meet rapidly evolvingrequirements, communication, and adoption, and to coordinate the needs ofmultiple stakeholders. The model we created can be adapted to other health systems,provide a mechanism to predict local peaks in cases and inform hospitalleadership regarding bed allocation, surgical volumes, staffing, and suppliesone for COVID-19 patients within a hospital able to care for the regularnon-COVID-19 population. CONCLUSION: Predictive models are essential tools in supporting decision making when coordinating clinical operations during a pandemic.

Navigating the health system in responding to health workforce challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Maldives (short case).

Being a small island and low-middle income country (LMIC) heavily dependent on global markets for sustaining its basic needs and health system, Maldives faced specific challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was reinforced through tensions between the heavily centralized healthcare delivery and a partially decentralized public health system. Using the pillars of pandemic response proposed by the World Health Organisation, this article explores the planning assumptions, resource estimations and strategies adopted to equip the health system with resources for the pandemic response. The resource need estimates based on projections for COVID-19 identified a shortfall of medical professionals to care for patients while maintaining 55% of the workforce for regular healthcare across the atolls. The findings show that while the policy of lockdown bought time to increase hospital beds and devices, the country was unable to increase the healthcare workforce. Furthermore, as the lockdown eased, the exponential increase of cases took Maldives to the global one per capita incidence. Despite this, with cautious planning and use of resources, the country has so far managed to maintain low mortality from COVID-19. The lessons from this experience are paramount in future pandemic response planning, not only for Maldives, but other small island LMICs.

Stressors, coping, and resources needed during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of perinatal women.

BACKGROUND: Psychological stress and coping experienced during pregnancy can have important effects on maternal and infant health, which can also vary by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Therefore, we assessed stressors, coping behaviors, and resources needed in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of 162 perinatal (125 pregnant and 37 postpartum) women in the United States. METHODS: A mixed-methods study captured quantitative responses regarding stressors and coping, along with qualitative responses to open-ended questions regarding stress and resources needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic and linear regression models were used to analyze differences between pregnant and postpartum participants, as well as differences across key demographic variables. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze open-ended questions. RESULTS: During the COVID-pandemic, food scarcity and shelter-in-place restrictions made it difficult for pregnant women to find healthy foods. Participants also reported missing prenatal appointments, though many reported using telemedicine to obtain these services. Financial issues were prevalent in our sample and participants had difficulty obtaining childcare. After controlling for demographic variables, pregnant women were less likely to engage in healthy stress-coping behaviors than postpartum women. Lastly, we were able to detect signals of increased stressors induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, and less social support, in perinatal women of racial and ethnic minority, and lower-income status. Qualitative results support our survey findings as participants expressed concerns about their baby contracting COVID-19 while in the hospital, significant others missing the delivery or key obstetric appointments, and wanting support from friends, family, and birthing classes. Financial resources, COVID-19 information and research as it relates to maternal-infant health outcomes, access to safe healthcare, and access to baby supplies (formula, diapers, etc.) emerged as the primary resources needed by participants. CONCLUSIONS: To better support perinatal women's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare providers should engage in conversations regarding access to resources needed to care for newborns, refer patients to counseling services (which can be delivered online/via telephone) and virtual support groups, and consistently screen pregnant women for stressors.

Jornada de activos de Distrito Centro: compartiendo activos de manera práctica / Conference of Central District health assets: sharing asset: sharing assets in a practical way

INTRODUCCIÓN: El mapeo de activos en salud es un proceso comunitario para la ubicación territorial de activos para la salud, siendo un activo «cualquier factor (o recurso) que mejora la capacidad de las personas, grupos, comunidades, poblaciones, sistemas sociales e instituciones para mantener y sostener la salud y el bienestar, y que les ayuda a reducir las desigualdades en salud». OBJETIVOS: Visibilizar el trabajo realizado en el Proceso de Activos de Salud del Grupo Motor del Distrito Centro de Madrid y compartir conocimientos entre los diferentes agentes clave que han participado en distintas fases de este proceso. Generar como red comunitaria, estrategias prácticas para la recomendación de activos para la salud en la intervención sociosanitaria. MÉTODOS: Desde el Grupo Motor de Mapeo de Activos para la Salud del Distrito Centro de Madrid (formado por 26 entidades) se ha diseñado y desarrollado una jornada/encuentro para visibilizar los activos para la salud identificados en los últimos 2 años. RESULTADOS: Asistieron 35 profesionales del distrito de vertiente social, sanitaria y sociosanitaria y la evaluación de la jornada que hicieron las personas asistentes fue altamente satisfactoria. DISCUSIÓN: Esta jornada fue el resultado de visibilizar el trabajo realizado desde mayo de 2017, que es cuando se comenzó el Proceso de Mapeo de Activos para la Salud del Distrito Centro. Visibilizar esta tarea se tradujo en un conocimiento en profundidad del proceso de mapeo del distrito y de la metodología de activos, con lo que se consiguió un mayor empoderamiento de las personas asistentes

INTRODUCTION: Mapping of health assets is a community process for locating health assets territorially. Health assets are factors (or resources) that improve the abilities of individuals, groups, communities, populations, social systems and institutions to maintain and sustain health and welfare and help them reduce health inequality. OBJECTIVES: To raise awareness the work performed by the health assets process of the Central District Steering Group of Madrid. Sharing knowledge among different key actors involved in the Central District mapping process at different stages. Creation as a Community Network of practical strategies for recommending health assets for social and health intervention. METHODS: From the Health Asset Mapping Steering Group of the Central District (comprised of 26 entities) a conference/meeting to enhance the visibility of identified health assets has been designed and developed in the last two years. RESULTS: A total of 35 social, health and socio-health professionals from the district attended and the meeting evaluation by attendees was highly satisfactory. DISCUSSION: This meeting has been the result of enhancing visibility of work performed since May 2017, which is when the Central District Health Asset Process began. This visibility led to in-depth knowledge of the District's Health Asset Process and asset methodology, which attained a greater empowerment of attendees

¿Será mejor la salud pública tras la COVID-19? / Will public health be better after COVID-19?

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Costs of Immunization Programs for 10 Vaccines in 94 Low- and Middle-Income Countries From 2011 to 2030.

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the level of investment needed for the 2021-2030 decade is important as the global community faces the next strategic period for vaccines and immunization programs. To assist with this goal, we estimated the aggregate costs of immunization programs for ten vaccines in 94 low- and middle-income countries from 2011 to 2030. METHOD: We calculated vaccine, immunization delivery and stockpile costs for 94 low- and middle-income countries leveraging the latest available data sources. We conducted scenario analyses to vary assumptions about the relationship between delivery cost and coverage as well as vaccine prices for fully self-financing countries. RESULTS: The total aggregate cost of immunization programs in 94 countries for 10 vaccines from 2011 to 2030 is $70.8 billion (confidence interval: $56.6-$93.3) under the base case scenario and $84.1 billion ($72.8-$102.7) under an incremental delivery cost scenario, with an increasing trend over two decades. The relative proportion of vaccine and delivery costs for pneumococcal conjugate, human papillomavirus, and rotavirus vaccines increase as more countries introduce these vaccines. Nine countries in accelerated transition phase bear the highest burden of the costs in the next decade, and uncertainty with vaccine prices for the 17 fully self-financing countries could lead to total costs that are 1.3-13.1 times higher than the base case scenario. CONCLUSION: Resource mobilization efforts at the global and country levels will be needed to reach the level of investment needed for the coming decade. Global-level initiatives and targeted strategies for transitioning countries will help ensure the sustainability of immunization programs.

El balanced scorecard en la gestión de salud / The balanced scorecard in health management

El propósito de este estudio consistió en revisar el modelo del Balanced Scorecard y analizar su aplicabilidad como instrumento de gestión en los centros de salud. El tipo de investigación fue de tipo documental, con un diseño no experimental. Para alcanzar el objetivo, se revisaron los postulados teóricos de Kaplan y Norton, así como algunas implementaciones prácticas centradas en este paradigma que fueron desarrolladas en Norteamérica, Europa y Sur América. Los resultados demuestran el alto valor agregado que ofrece el Balanced Scorecard como instrumento de gestión en centros de salud.

The purpose of this study was to review the Balanced Scorecard model and analyze its applicability as a management instrument in health centers. The type of research was documentary, with a non-experimental design. To achieve the objective, the theoretical postulates of Kaplan and Norton were reviewed, as well as some practical implementations focused on this paradigm that were developed in North America, Europe and South America. The results demonstrate the high added value that the Balanced Scorecard offers as a management instrument in health centers.

[Measures to contain gender-based violence during the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Medidas de contención de la violencia de género durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Crises, emergencies and times of unrest have been linked to increased interpersonal violence, including violence against women. Following the declaration of alarm status and quarantine, different measures have been implemented to mitigate the possible effect of gender violence (Contingency Plan against Gender-Based Violence in Coronavirus Crisis or Royal Decree Law on Emergency Measures). This document reviews the measures adopted so far by the government of Spain, the autonomous governments and the initiatives formulated in different countries. In the absence of concrete economic measures to date, and the scenario of economic uncertainty, we conclude that it is not possible to prevent gender-based violence in a comprehensive way, without considering the increase in unemployment, temporary and instability employment, economic dependency or the overload of household chores and reproductive tasks, among other elements that facilitate it.

Stroke care during the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain: the experience of Spanish stroke units.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spain has been heavily affected by COVID-19. Reallocation of resources for managing the outbreak might have caused a disruption in stroke care. This study analyses the impact on stroke care of reorganising the healthcare system in response to the first COVID-19 outbreak peak in Spain and the strategies adopted by Spanish stroke units to deal with this impact. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained data from a structured survey sent to the responsible of stroke units across the country. We recorded the number of strokes, stroke code activations, intravenous thrombolysis treatments and mechanical thrombectomies during February and March 2019 and 2020. We also collected information on the impact on workflow metrics and on the availability of specialised neurological care and rehabilitation treatments, the characteristics of stroke care for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact on human resources. We compared the activity data between 2019 and 2020 and the information on activity and impact on stroke care between regions classified according to the disease incidence rate. RESULTS: Fifty-seven (75%) of all stroke units in Spain responded to the survey. There was an overall reduction in admissions for all stroke types during the outbreak's peak and in the number of stroke code activations and intravenous thrombolysis treatments, results that were independent of the COVID-19 incidence rate. Participants reported a delay in workflow metrics and a reduction of admissions to stroke units, outpatient clinics and rehabilitation therapies. Specific pathways and protocols for managing stroke patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been established. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 outbreak has jeopardised all phases of stroke care. As a consequence, some patients with stroke did not receive adequate treatment.